User Guide =========== **Spectrum** provides classes and functions to estimate Power Spectral Densities (PSD hereafter). This documentation will not describe PSD theoritical background, which can be found in many good books and references. Therefore, we consider that the reader is aware of some terminology used here below. QuickStart (Periodogram example) -------------------------------- **Spectrum** can be invoked from a python shell. No GUI interface is provided yet. We recommend to use `ipython `_, which should be started with the pylab option:: ipython --pylab Then, the simplest way to start with **Spectrum** is to import everything from the library: .. doctest:: from spectrum import * In the following examples, we will use :func:`~spectrum.datasets.data_cosine` to generate a toy data sets:: data = data_cosine(N=1024, A=0.1, sampling=1024, freq=200) where `data` contains a cosine signal with a frequency of 200Hz buried in white noise (amplitude 0.1). The data has a length of N=1024 and the sampling is 1024Hz. We can analyse this data using one of the Power Spectrum Estimation method provided in spectrum. All methods can be found as functions or classes. Although we strongly recommend to use the object oriented approach, the functional approach may also be useful. For now, we will use the object approach because it provides more robustness and additional tools as compared to the functional approach (e.g., plotting). So, let us create a simple periodogram:: p = Periodogram(data, sampling=1024) Here, we have created an object Periodogram. No computation has been performed yet. To run the actual estimation, you can use either:: p() # now you run the estimation or:: p.run() and finally, you can plot the resulting PSD:: p.plot(marker='o') # standard matplotlib options are accepted .. plot:: :width: 80% from spectrum import * data = data_cosine(N=1024, A=0.1, sampling=1024, freq=200) p = Periodogram(data, sampling=1024) #here you just define the PSD estimate p() # now you run the estimation p.plot(marker='o') Since the data is purely real, the PSD (stored in p.psd) is a onesided PSD, with positive frequencies only. If the data were complex, the two-sided PSD would have been computed and plotted. For the real case, you can still plot a two-sided PSD by setting the sides option manually:: p.plot(sides='twosided') .. plot:: :width: 80% from spectrum import * data = data_cosine(N=1024, A=0.1, sampling=1024, freq=200) p = Periodogram(data, sampling=1024) #here you just define the PSD estimate p() # now you run the estimation p.plot(marker='o', sides='twosided') You can also look at a centered PSD around the zero frequency:: p.plot(sides='centerdc') .. warning:: By convention, the :attr:`psd` attribute contains the default PSD (either one-sided for real data or two-sided for the complex data). Since **p** is an instance of Periodogram, you can introspect the object to obtain diverse information such as the original data, the sampling, the PSD itself and so on:: p.psd # contains the PSD values p.frequencies() returns a list of frequencies print(p) # prints some information about the PSD. The object approach versus functional approach (ARMA example) -------------------------------------------------------------- Object approach ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ In the previous section, we've already illustrated the object approach using a Fourier-based method with the simple periodogram method. In addition to the Fourier-based PSD estimates, **Spectrum** also provides parametric-based estimates. Let us use :func:`~spectrum.arma.parma` class as a second illustrative example of the object approach: .. doctest:: from spectrum import parma Many functionalities available in **Spectrum** are inspired by methods found in [Marple]_. The data sample used in most of the examples is also taken from this reference and can be imported as follows (this is a 64 complex data samples):: from spectrum import marple_data The class :class:`~spectrum.arma.parma` allows to create an ARMA model and to plot the PSD, similarly to the previous example (Periodogram). First, we need to create the object:: p = parma(marple_data, 15, 15, 30, NFFT=4096) where 15,15 and 30 are arguments of the ARMA model (see :class:`spectrum.parma`), and NFFT is the number of final points. Then, computation and plot can be performed:: p.run() p.plot(norm=True, color='red', linewidth=2) .. plot:: :width: 80% from spectrum import parma, marple_data p = parma(marple_data, 15, 15, 30, NFFT=4096) p.run() # now you run the estimation p.plot(norm=True, color='red', linewidth=2) # same options as pylab.plot Since the data is complex, the PSD (stored in p.psd) is a twosided PSD. Note also that all optional arguments accepted by matplotlib function are also available in this implementation. Functional approach ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The object-oriented approach can be replaced by a functional one if required. Nevertheless, as mentionned earlier, this approach required more expertise and could easily lead to errors. The following example is identical to the previous piece of code. In order to extract the autoregressive coefficients (AR) and Moving average coefficients (MA), the :func:`~spectrum.arma.arma_estimate` can be used:: from spectrum.arma import arma_estimate, arma2psd ar, ma, rho = arma_estimate(marple_data, 15, 15, 30) Once the AR and/or MA parameters are found, the :func:`~spectrum.arma.arma2psd` function creates a two-sided PSD for you and the PSD can be plotted ad follows: .. plot:: :include-source: :width: 80% from spectrum import arma_estimate, arma2psd, marple_data from pylab import * ar, ma, rho = arma_estimate(marple_data, 15, 15, 30) psd = arma2psd(ar, ma, rho=rho, NFFT=4096) plot(10*log10(psd/max(psd))) axis([0, 4096, -80, 0]) xlabel('Frequency') ylabel('power (dB)') grid(True) .. note:: #. The parameter 30 (line 3) is the correlation lag that should be twice as much as the required AR and MA coefficient number (see reference guide for details). #. Then, we plot the PSD manually (line 5), and normalise it so as to use dB units (10*log10) #. Since the data are complex data, the default plot is a two-sided PSD. #. The frequency vector is not provided.